{"id":7881,"date":"2023-03-28T03:37:35","date_gmt":"2023-03-28T03:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/?p=7881"},"modified":"2023-03-28T03:53:21","modified_gmt":"2023-03-28T03:53:21","slug":"the-complex-world-of-bible-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/the-complex-world-of-bible-women\/","title":{"rendered":"The Complex World of Bible Women"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7881\" class=\"elementor elementor-7881\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9d0ee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9d0ee2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70e26eb\" data-id=\"70e26eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32a6c4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32a6c4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>As Christianity expanded in China, the church underwent many changes. One significant development was the role of women in the church. Like many other cultures with a strong patriarchal structure, women were often subservient in the church. However, Chinese women were also influential in the continued spread of Christianity. Many contributed to evangelistic efforts as pastors, deaconesses, and prominent community members that ministered to those in their community. These women were also known as Bible Women. In her chapter on Bible Women from Jessie Lutz\u2019s <em>Pioneer Chinese Christian Women: Gender, Christianity, and Social Mobility<\/em>, Ling Oi Ki discusses the life of these women during the late Qing period including the challenges they faced in their ministry. Ling specifically defines Bible Women as, \u201cChinese Christians who, after several years of training by missionaries, were employed by the missions or supported by the Chinese church as evangelists.\u201d[1] The posters I have selected depict the world of these women and their ministry from their depictions in the domestic and evangelical spheres as well as the struggles they faced as Bible Women.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c08fef5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c08fef5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-676e0e4\" data-id=\"676e0e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdaf384 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdaf384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domestic Evangelism<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1189bfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1189bfa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e62b2fe\" data-id=\"e62b2fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cca43f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"7cca43f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-7881 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7cca43f\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"\u5973\u754c\u7948\u79b1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDEyNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NjcG9zdGVycy5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMThcLzAyXC9SRzIyMV9kNF8yMF8xXzEuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2NjYTQzZiJ9\" href='https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/RG221_d4_20_1_1.jpg' rel=\"lightbox[gallery-0] lightbox-0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"247\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/RG221_d4_20_1_1-247x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/RG221_d4_20_1_1-247x300.jpg 247w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/RG221_d4_20_1_1-768x931.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/RG221_d4_20_1_1-453x550.jpg 453w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/RG221_d4_20_1_1.jpg 1607w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 247px) 100vw, 247px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7cca43f\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Child&#039;s Evening Prayer\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjAzOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NjcG9zdGVycy5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMTlcLzAzXC9Nb3RoZXItYW5kLUNoaWxkLVByYXlpbmcuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2NjYTQzZiJ9\" href='https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Mother-and-Child-Praying.jpg' rel=\"lightbox[gallery-0] lightbox-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"215\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Mother-and-Child-Praying-215x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Mother-and-Child-Praying-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Mother-and-Child-Praying.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Mother-and-Child-Praying-395x550.jpg 395w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 215px) 100vw, 215px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7cca43f\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Guiding New Students to School\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzkxMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NjcG9zdGVycy5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzAzXC9HdWlkaW5nLU5ldy1TdHVkZW50cy10by1TY2hvb2wuanBlZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjdjY2E0M2YifQ%3D%3D\" href='https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School.jpeg' rel=\"lightbox[gallery-0] lightbox-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School-235x300.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School-235x300.jpeg 235w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School-430x550.jpeg 430w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School-768x982.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School-1201x1536.jpeg 1201w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Guiding-New-Students-to-School.jpeg 1564w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-144d153 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"144d153\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-887b640\" data-id=\"887b640\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135c12b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"135c12b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>It is difficult to completely distinguish between the role of the Bible Woman in the house and her evangelism because these women often utilised their dominion over the home and domestic life in their ministry. In fact, their ties to the domestic sphere were seen as advantageous in the missionary world since China\u2019s highly sex-segregated society meant there were some spaces that were exclusive to women and it was unthinkable for men, especially foreign missionaries, to inhabit these spaces. [2] Additionally, the missionaries were able to reach more rural communities more effectively. through these women by utilising her \u201clineage network.\u201d [3] Many of the posters featured on the Chinese Christian Posters site tend to depict the woman evangelising through family. The poster on the left by Yu Liang displays congruence between the woman\u2019s domestic life and her spiritual life, prescribing prayers for every domestic task done by the woman at home.<\/p><p>Another poster titled \u201cChild\u2019s Evening Prayer\u201d shows a mother facilitating her child\u2019s prayer life. The third poster titled \u201cGuiding New Students to School\u201d illustrates a female teacher guiding three young children to school just as the name implies. These latter posters speak to the role many Bible Women took up in mission work which involved spiritual and educational development. [4] Many Bible Women often made home visits to meet their students\u2019 parents which was sometimes combined with teaching female students how to read and write. [5] Specifically in the Catholic missions, women were highly instrumental in the religious education of young children and other community members. [6] The Missions Etrang\u00e8res de Paris (MEP) stationed in Northeast China was especially strict with their Christian Virgins\u2013essentially celibate female missionaries\u2013when it came to religious knowledge, expecting that these women had \u201cthe most advanced religious knowledge\u201d so that they might teach it to the \u201cChristian children and catechumens.\u201d [7] It was not uncommon for women to also evangelise at the home, in some cases this was beneficial to reach communities that lived far away from the missionary churches. [8]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b8d3bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b8d3bb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f997d9\" data-id=\"2f997d9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f63e65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f63e65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tension Within Ministry<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a83b3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a83b3f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b80ef1\" data-id=\"6b80ef1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6824d1a elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"6824d1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1103\" src=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/woman-works-12-hours.jpeg\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-7884\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/woman-works-12-hours.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/woman-works-12-hours-209x300.jpeg 209w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/woman-works-12-hours-383x550.jpeg 383w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Ling also articulated in her chapter that many of these Bible Women were subjected to many challenges in their line of work as female evangelists and missionaries. One of these challenges was overworking. According to Ling, many Bible Women experienced illness and injury in their work because they had to maintain their initial duties of house labour and child rearing on top of their ministerial duties which resulted in exhaustion. [9] This work ethic is depicted in the following poster titled, \u201cHow a Woman Worker Spends Her 24 Hours a Day in China.\u201d According to this poster, women spend half their day working, seven hours sleeping, two hours commuting, and the remaining three hours are dedicated to eating, education, and household chores.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-630de08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"630de08\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a35aaaf\" data-id=\"a35aaaf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d6f0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9d6f0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-208e982 elementor-position-right elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"208e982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"869\" src=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/laziness.jpeg\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-7885\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/laziness.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/laziness-265x300.jpeg 265w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/laziness-486x550.jpeg 486w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">There are also posters that condemn women who do not work such as this poster titled, \u201cLaziness.\u201d On the poster, there are two Bible verses from the book of Proverbs and they read, \u201cThe sluggard\u2019s craving will be the death of her, because her hands refuse to work,\u201d and \u201cShe watches over the affairs of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness.\u201d\nThese two posters communicate clearly that women were highly encouraged to be active in their work\u2013not just in ministry\u2013but also in the upkeep of her household. In fact, the second poster implies that it is unbiblical for a woman not to be working hard everyday. The MEP held similar values for their female missionaries, except they had more practical applications for their Virgins, requiring that they pay a fee of 300 diao to join the mission as evidence that the women had jobs and were working. [10] However, this was seen more as a line of security for the Virgins since \u201ceconomic dependence would make Christian Virgins very vulnerable\u201d and it solved the financial issue the mission was undergoing by requiring a minimum admission fee since only financially capable women could be admitted into the institute. [11]<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6cbcf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e6cbcf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da331db elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"da331db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1482\" height=\"2000\" src=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/whats-your-hope.jpeg\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-7886\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/whats-your-hope.jpeg 1482w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/whats-your-hope-222x300.jpeg 222w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/whats-your-hope-408x550.jpeg 408w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/whats-your-hope-768x1036.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/whats-your-hope-1138x1536.jpeg 1138w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Besides overworking, Bible Women were also still subject to the established gender norms of Chinese and American society that placed them much lower than men in their field. In all of the posters shown in this exhibit, the man is not present in the maintenance of domestic life. Of course, there are other posters within the collection that do depict both the father and mother facilitating the spiritual development of the family, but rarely was there a poster depicting only a father in the house or with the children. In this poster titled \"What's Your Hope,\" a mother and her two children\nare guided by the father in worship. This emphasises\nthat while the woman is indeed in charge of directly\neducating the children and ensuring household\npractices are in line with Christian practices, the man\nis still traditionally in charge of guiding the larger\npractices of the faith. This was evident throughout\nmissions all over the country. Tension was apparent\nin many American denominational missions about\nthe role of women in ministry work. [12] Many were not\nallowed to be ordained as preachers and were prohibited from speaking to congregations with men present. [13] Women who were married to missionary men were often not perceived as missionaries themselves despite helping their husbands in a lot of the mission work. [14]<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a94e5f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a94e5f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff792a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bff792a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-20fc6f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"20fc6f8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-713bf7e\" data-id=\"713bf7e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1577e5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1577e5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Afterthoughts<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d64775d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d64775d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>As I was selecting the posters for this project, I could not help but think back to my Chinese-Indonesian church back home. I saw the similarities particularly in the fact that all my Sunday school teachers were men while the adult services were almost always preached by men. Like many other churches, women could not be ordained as preachers in mine. All of these things were commonplace in Chinese-Indonesian churches. Yes, there were implied undertones of female inferiority, but at least women were still allowed to have a lot of influence in my church. Or so I thought.<\/p><p>My mom served in my church\u2019s synod and I have heard countless times where her male colleagues invalidated her opinions, minimised her authority, and even lied about her to church elders. Unsurprisingly, we left that church a while ago. While my mom being a woman might not have been an explicit reason for why she was treated that way, I am almost willing to bet it played a big role in the way my conservative, Chinese church treated her. Hence, it was interesting to see that while we are almost two hundred years in the future now from when these Chinese women were thriving and struggling in their ministries, we still see these same patterns emerge in today\u2019s Chinese churches. Women are certainly treated far more equitably in churches today, generally speaking. However, I want this exhibit to remind us that while we have come a long way since the missions of the late Qing period, we still have much to do in embracing our sisters within the greater body of Christ.\u200b<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dac707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"9dac707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6d02732 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6d02732\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2eb607a\" data-id=\"2eb607a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7dcbfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7dcbfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>Footnotes:<\/p><p>[1] Oi Ki Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d in <em>Pioneer Chinese Christian Women: Gender, Christianity, and Social Mobility<\/em>, ed. Jesse G. Lutz (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press, 2010), 246\u201364, https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Pioneer_Chinese_Christian_Women_Gender_Christianit&#8230;_-_Bib le_Women.pdf, 247.<\/p><p>[2] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 251.<\/p><p>[3] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 251.<\/p><p>[4] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 252.<\/p><p>[5] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 252.<\/p><p>[6] Ji Li, \u201cBecoming Faithful: Christianity, Literacy, and Female Consciousness in Northeast China, 1830-1930\u201d (Ann Arbour, Michigan: University of Michigan, 2009), https:\/\/ccposters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/liji_1.pdf, 183.<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>[7] Li, \u201cBecoming Faithful,\u201d 183.<\/p><p>[8] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 257.<\/p><p>[9] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 250-251.<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 4\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>[10] Li, \u201cBecoming Faithful,\u201d 177.<\/p><p>[11] Li, \u201cBecoming Faithful,\u201d 177-178.<\/p><p>[12] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 256.<\/p><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 5\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>[13] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 255.<\/p><p>[14] Ling, \u201cBible Women,\u201d 254.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As Christianity expanded in China, the church underwentContinue reading &rarr;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pgc_meta":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","no-thumb"],"meta_box":{"box-catalogue":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/72"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7881"}],"version-history":[{"count":33,"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7922,"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7881\/revisions\/7922"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccposters.com\/tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}